Method and apparatus for identifying high metal content on a semiconductor surface

ABSTRACT

A new method and apparatus for detecting and measuring the level of metal present on the surface of a substrate is achieved. Energy, in the form of rf or light or microwave energy, is directed at the surface of a wafer, the reflected energy or the energy that passes through the semiconductor substrate is captured and analyzed for energy level and/or frequency content. Based on this analysis conclusions can be drawn regarding presence and type of metal on the surface of the wafer. Furthermore, by inclusion of metal within the resonating circuit of an rf generator changes the frequency of the vibration and therefore detects the presence of metal.

This is a division of patent application Ser. No. 09/290,919, filing date Apr. 12, 1999, now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 6,476,604, Methods To Prevent Metal Deposited Wafers From Contaminating The Front-End Cleaning Sinks Or Front-End Furnaces, assigned to the same assignee as the present invention.

BACKGROUNG OF THE INVENTION

(1) Field of the Invention

The invention relates to the field of semiconductor wafer manufacturing, and more specifically to methods of preventing partially processed wafers that have to be reworked from contamination front-end operations of the manufacturing line.

(2) Description of the Prior Art

Semiconductor wafer processing typically is a complex process including a large number and variety of processing steps. These processing steps are, during each of the sequences that are executed as part of the step, closely monitored and may result in a complex web of rework, rejects, partial rework, etc. This leads not to the ideal processing sequence where a wafer proceeds from known step to known step but can result in many diverse flows of partially completed wafers. Wafers may be returned to prior processing steps causing concerns of wafers further down the processing line being contaminated with wafers that have already undergone more advanced steps of processing. It is therefore important to screen for such occurrences and to limit or eliminate the impact of contamination that may be introduced into a wafer processing operation by wafers that are not part of the regular wafer processing flow.

During normal wafer processing, meticulous attention is paid to obtaining and maintaining a clean and particle free environment. This clean environment has a direct impact on wafer yield and therefore on wafer cost. Wafer processing by its very nature tends to introduce impurities into the processing environment, these impurities can for instance be introduced from wafer processing furnaces. Dependent on the type of particle, these particles may diffuse into the semiconductor substrate, especially in areas of the manufacturing process where high frequency operations are being performed on the substrate. This can have a severe detrimental effect on wafer properties making these wafers unsuitable for further use. In other cases, donor or acceptor dopants may be introduced to substrates. These dopants can have a direct affect on the performance of the devices that are at a later stage to be created from these wafers. Yet other impurities can cause surface defects in the surface of the wafer or stacking faults or dislocations in the atomic structure of the substrate. Poor wafer surface can be caused by organic matter that is present in the wafer-processing environment, such as oil or oil related matter.

All of these impurities must be carefully monitored and controlled and must, when present, be removed from the wafer processing environment. This control must be exercised within the cycle of wafer processing steps and at the beginning of the wafer processing process. The frequency and intensity of such contaminant control operations is highly cost dependent and should, wherever possible, be performed at as low a cost as can be accomplished. These methods of identification and elimination must therefore be simple but yet effective.

To start wafer processing with wafers that are free of contaminants, loose particles are typically first removed from the wafers by means of a wafer scrubbing process. In this way various dusts (atmospheric, silicon and quartz), photoresist chunks and bacteria are removed. Where very small particles are to be removed this is usually accomplished by a polishing operation.

Organic impurities such as hydrocarbons and greases are, after the cleaning process, removed with the use of solvents such as trichloroethylene, acetone, p-xylene, methanol and ethanol. A final cleaning can then be performed using various inorganic chemicals to remove heavy metals, for example. These inorganic chemical mixtures are strong oxidants, which form a thin oxide layer at the wafer surface. This oxide layer is stripped, removing impurities absorbed into the oxide layer.

Also used to further enhance wafer cleaning can be conventional chemical cleaning operations that include acid and rinse baths. These processes remove chemically bonded film from the surface of the wafer.

A further cleaning operation includes the use of mechanical scrubbing operations. These operations tend to be aggressive cleaning operations that use polishing pads affixed to turning tables that hold the substrate that is being polished. Due to the nature of this cleaning operation, the operation needs to be carefully monitored and special precaution needs to be taken to assure that particles that are removed during the operation are removed from the environment.

Typically, the turntable is rotated at various controlled speeds, for instance 10 to 100 RPM, in a controlled clockwise or counterclockwise direction. A silicon wafer, generally in the form of a flat, circular disk, is held within a carrier assembly with the substrate wafer face to be polished facing downward. The polishing pad is typically fabricated from a polyurethane and/or polyester base material.

Another field in the high density interconnect technology is the physical and electrical interconnection of many integrated circuit chips to a single substrate commonly referred to as a multi-chip module (MCM). A multi-layer structure is created on the substrate in order to achieve a high wiring and packing density. This multi-layer structure allows for short interconnects and improved circuit performance. Separation of the planes within the substrate, such as metal power and ground planes, is accomplished by separating the layers with a dielectric such as a polyimide. Metal conductor lines can be embedded in other dielectric layers with via openings that provide electrical connections between signal lines or to the metal power and ground planes.

In the indicated processes, great care is used to assure that the surfaces of interfaces have good planarity. In a multilayer structure, a flat surface is extremely important to maintain uniform processing parameters from layer to layer. Layer dependent processing greatly increases processing complexity. Many approaches to producing a planar surface have been incorporated into methods of fabricating high density interconnects and integrated circuit chips in the past. For instance, the lines and vias can be planarized by applying multiple coatings of polyimide which are used to achieve an acceptable degree of planarization. Application of multiple coatings of thick polyimide is however time consuming and creates high stress on the substrate.

The problems associated with prior art polyimide processes have become more troublesome. For example, one of the main difficulties with polyimide processes is that the profiles (i.e. slopes) of the polyimide at the bonding pad edges are not consistent. Rough edges or films having numerous flakes and other defects are pervasive throughout the prior art. In other cases, pieces of photoresist can sometimes become deposited on the surface of the bonding pads causing spikes of unetched passivation layer to be left behind on the bonding pad itself. Although these problems have not prevented the use of conventional polyimide processes in conjunction with standard wire bonding techniques, these shortcomings are unacceptable in the newer, more advanced bonding.

All of the above indicated processing conditions and environments can lead to the introduction of a large number of contaminants and therefore lead to the need for strict control of the environment and the way in which the wafers that are being processed are being routed. Among the contaminants that can accumulate on the surface of a substrate are metals such as copper or aluminum. Control mechanisms that enhance the monitoring of the level of metal deposited on the surface of a wafer prevent unnecessary re-routing and rework of such wafers. Production cost of semiconductor wafers will be reduced if such wafers can be identified so that only wafers that need to be rerouted for rework are entered into the rework cycle.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,820,689 (Tseng et al.) discloses a wet chemical treatment system.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,552,327 (Bachmann et al.) shows a method for monitoring etching using reflectance spectroscopy.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,840,368 (Ohmi) shows a furnace system.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,683,180 (De Lyon et al.) shows a method of wafer temperature measurement using reflectivity spectroscopy.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,364,510 (Carpio) shows a scheme for bath chemistry control.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

It is the primary objective of the invention to identify semiconductor substrates that contain metal on the surface of the substrate.

It is a further objective of the invention to inhibit incorrect routing of wafers.

It is a further objective of the invention to eliminate unnecessary substrate rework activities.

It is a further objective of the invention to reduce the overall cost of substrate manufacturing.

It is yet another objective of the invention to reduce human error in the identifying and routing of substrates in the substrate manufacturing process.

It is yet another objective of the invention to reduce the workload for front-end cleaning sinks and furnaces.

It is yet another objective of the invention to prevent mixing of rework wafers with regular wafer processing flow.

It is yet another objective to prevent unnecessary wafer scrapping due to suspected metal contamination.

In accordance with the objectives of the invention, a new method of detecting and measuring the level of metal present on the surface of a substrate is achieved. A wafer can, at any time and at any location within the wafer processing cycle, be measured for the existence of metal on the surface of the layer. The presence of metal causes the raising of a visual or audible alarm thereby invoking human or automatic intervention.

Under the first embodiment of the invention, rf power is directed at the surface of a wafer, the reflected rf energy is captured and analyzed for intensity and frequency content. Based on this analysis conclusions can be drawn regarding presence and type of metal on the surface of the wafer.

Under the second embodiment of the invention, a source of light exposes the surface of the wafer under an angle such that part of the light reflects off this surface. The reflected light is captured and measured. Based on the measurements obtained in this manner, conclusions can be drawn concerning the reflectivity of the reflecting surface, that is the surface of the wafer. These conclusions lead directly to a measurement of the amount of metal present on the surface of the wafer.

Under the third embodiment of the invention, a magnetron radiates electromagnetic energy in the frequency range of microwave frequency. This energy is, under an angle, directed at the surface of the wafer that is being evaluated. Part of the energy is reflected by the surface of the wafer, another part passes through the wafer and can be measured after it has passed through the wafer. By comparing the level of the reflected energy with the level of the energy that passed through the wafer, conclusions can be drawn about the reflectivity of the wafer surface and therefore about the amount of metal that is present on the surface of the wafer.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows details of the implementation of the first embodiment of the invention, which uses an rf metal detector arrangement to measure the presence of metal on the surface of a wafer.

FIGS. 2a and 2 b show details of the implementation of the second embodiment of the invention, which uses a light emitting diode for the source of energy that is reflected off the surface of the wafer.

FIG. 3 shows details of the implementation of the third embodiment of the invention, which uses a magnetron for the source of energy that is reflected off the surface of the wafer.

FIG. 4 shows a graph of the reflectivity of a SiO₂ layer deposited on Si as a function of wavelength.

FIG. 5 shows a graph of the reflectivity of a layer of AlCu as a function of wavelength.

FIGS. 6a and 6 b show two possible applications of the invention in re-routing wafers.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT

Referring now specifically to FIG. 1, there is shown an electronic circuit that serves as a means to identify and measure the amount of rf energy that is reflected by the surface of a wafer.

The electronic circuit contains three-functional sections: a LC resonating circuit, a LC tuning circuit and a rectifying circuit.

RF energy of a certain frequency is generated by an rf generating circuit that comprises the amplifiers 14 and 16 and the LC tuning components 12 and 10. The resonating rf wave is amplified by amplifier 18 and passes through the second tuning circuit consisting of inductor 20 and capacitor 22. The second tuning circuit 20/22 selects specifically the rf frequency generated by the first tuning circuit 12 and 10. The selected wave is then amplified by amplifier 24 and rectified by diode 26 and capacitor 28 to form a dc signal 34, this dc voltage 34 can be compared with a reference dc voltage 35, providing the means for comparing the dc voltage 34 with the limit voltage level 35.

When a wafer with a metal layer is brought in proximity with the coil 10, the inductance and the stray capacitance of the first resonating circuit changes. The frequency generated is therefore shifted and can no longer pass through the second tuning circuit causing the dc output voltage to be reduced or to be eliminated. This triggers an alarm and produces a control signal that stops the subsequent action of putting the wafer into a cleaning sink or a furnace, thereby avoiding the contamination.

From the above provided description it is clear that the circuit arrangement that is shown in diagram form in FIG. 1 provides the means for comparing a dc voltage level 34 (which is indicative of the amount of rf energy that is reflected by the surface of a substrate) with a limit or reference voltage level 35. Based on the outcome of this compare (the dc voltage 34 can be lower than, equal to or higher than the reference or limit dc voltage 35) an alarm signal 36 can be raised in the form of a blinking light or an audible alarm for the initiation of human intervention. Alarm signal 36 can also be in the form of a voltage output that activates for instance a robotic arm (not shown in FIG. 1) that can be used to initiate machine controlled or automatic intervention by removing wafers from a wafer holder. FIGS. 6a and 6 b show further examples of this latter (automated) intervention.

From the diagram that is provided in FIG. 1 the following can be summarized:

high metal surface content can be identified on the surface of a substrate by providing a source of rf energy; the source of rf energy comprises amplifiers 14, 16 and a tuning circuit comprising a capacitor 12 and an inductor 10; the rf energy that is created by the source of energy is fed into the first component 18 of the rf measurement apparatus (see following description)

the source of rf energy provides rf energy having a frequency and an amplitude to a rf energy measurement apparatus, this rf measurement apparatus is made up of components 18 (an amplifier), 20 (an inductor), 22 (a capacitor), 24 (an amplifier), 26 (a diode) and 28 (a capacitor)

the rf energy measurement apparatus generates a dc voltage 34 that is indicative of the frequency and the amplitude of the rf energy that is provided to the rf energy measurement apparatus by the source of rf energy

by exposing the surface of the semiconductor substrate to the source of rf energy and by including the surface of the substrate into the tuning circuit 10/12 of the source of rf energy, the frequency of the tuning circuit 10/12 changes from a first rf energy having a first frequency and a first amplitude to a second rf energy having a second frequency and a second amplitude of the rf waves created by the source of rf energy due to metal that is present in the surface of the substrate

by entering the second rf energy into the rf energy measurement apparatus, the rf energy measurement apparatus creates a dc voltage level that is indicative of the second rf energy

a dc reference voltage level 35 is provided, and

by comparing the dc voltage level 34 created by the energy measurement apparatus (which is indicative of the second rf energy) with the dc reference voltage level 35, and by determining if the dc voltage level created by the energy measurement apparatus is below or equal to the dc reference voltage level, the presence or absence of metal on the surface of the substrate can be determined.

It is well known in the art that the resonant rf energy that is created by a tuned (LC) circuit, in this case the capacitor 12 in combination with the inductor 10, creates an electromagnetic field that surrounds the tuned LC circuit. By affecting this electromagnetic field, the rf energy of the LC circuit is affected which is another way of saying that the frequency and amplitude of the rf energy can be affected by the presence or absence of an influencing source. This source is, using the invention, metal that is present on the surface of a substrate. Metal absorbs electromagnetic energy, if metal (on the surface of a substrate) is therefore positioned in close proximity to the tuned LC circuit 10/12, the rf energy that is created by this circuit is changed. It is this change in rf energy that is used by the invention to detect the presence or absence of metal on the surface of a semiconductor substrate.

It is also well known in the art that any apparatus that is used to monitor or measure an event needs, as part of these activities, to be calibrated. In the case of the rf energy measurement apparatus of the invention, this apparatus measures rf energy. The rf energy measurement apparatus must therefore be calibrated to provide a dc voltage of known value for each level of rf energy (rf frequency and rf amplitude) and for each configuration of location and orientation between the source of rf energy, that is the rf tuning circuit 10/12, and the surface of the substrate that is being evaluated for presence or absence of metal on the surface thereof.

FIGS. 2a and 2 b show an arrangement that has the same objectives as described under FIG. 1 above. In the implementation of the invention as shown in FIG. 2a, the source of energy is a Light Emitting Diode (LED) 40. The LED shown can be selected to generate light of different wavelengths, for instance red, green and blue. The light that is reflected by the surface 32 of wafer 30 can be detected by a photodetector 42. This photodetector is also sensitive to light of a particular frequency. FIG. 2b shows a graph indicating the reflectivity of metal as a function of frequency (or wavelength) of the light that is reflected. The vertical or Y-axis shows the amount of energy that is reflected, the horizontal or X-axis shows the wavelength of the light that is reflected. The type and amount of metal that is present in a reflecting surface can be identified by the amount of energy that the surface reflects. This amount of energy is different for the frequencies or wavelengths that are contained within the light that is reflected. Visible light contains many different frequencies, in many applications red, green and blue are used for working purposes since these colors are the primary colors.

A given metal, for instance aluminum, reflects the three primary colors in a unique and identifiable way. For a particular metal, the reflectivity of each of the three primary colors is known. This means that for light of one particular frequency, for instance red, that is reflected by a known metal, for instance aluminum, the reflectivity values are known for this combination light with metal (for instance red with aluminum). From this it is clear that by measuring reflectivity of an unknown metal (the metal that must be identified) using a known light (frequency/wavelength), for instance red, and comparing this reflectivity measurement with the known (range of) reflectivity values that can be expected from various metals, the metal that fits the measured reflectivity profile can be identified.

By using the wavelengths of the three primary colors (red, green and blue) the amount of light that is reflected by the surface of the wafer (the reflectivity) by these primary colors can be measured (by the photodetector). The three primary colors have unique wavelengths, these wavelengths are indicated as three points on the X-axis of FIG. 2b. The Y-axis of FIG. 2b indicates reflectivity values. The reflectivity values (Y-axis values) measured for the three primary colors (X-axis values) can then be plotted in FIG. 2b. The range of reflectivity values (Y-axis values) is, for a particular metal, known. If therefore the three measurements of reflectivity that have been obtained in the manner indicated fall within the (known) range for a particular metal, the conclusion is clear that the metal that is present on the reflecting surface (the surface of the wafer) is the same metal as the metal that belongs to that range of reflectivity values. Therefore, in measuring the reflectivity for 3 wavelengths, for instance 300, 500 and 700 nm, and if for all three points the measured reflectivity falls within the range of for instance aluminum, the conclusion is apparent that aluminum is present on the surface of the wafer. An automatic response mechanism can be implemented to respond to the presence of aluminum on the surface of the wafer. This can be implemented by using three LED's and three photodiodes and an “and” circuit that gives a signal when the output voltage of all three diodes falls within a specific range of values.

FIG. 3 uses a magnetron 50 as its source of radiation in the range of microwave frequencies. This radiation is again aimed under an angle at the wafer that is being tested. Part 56 of the energy that strikes the surface of the wafer is reflected, part 58 of the energy penetrates the surface of the wafer and can be measured “behind” the wafer. The magnetron 50 is positioned approximately as shown with respect to the position of the wafer, microwave detector 52 measures the energy that has penetrated the wafer, microwave detector 54 measures the energy that is reflected by the surface 32 of the wafer 30. A strong reflection by the surface 32 of wafer 30 indicates the presence of metal on that surface, if therefore detector 54 measures a higher level of microwave energy than detector 52, it is clear that metal is present on the surface of the wafer. Automatic response mechanisms can be implemented that are activated either by the signal from the detector for reflection or by the detector for transmission or by subtracting the signal of one from the other.

Highlighted in FIG. 3 is a means 60 for initiating intervention if the reflected microwave energy 56 exceeds the passed through microwave energy 58. This intervention can be intervention by a human operator or can be an intervention that is controlled by a semiconductor processing tool.

FIGS. 4 and 5 further emphasize the basic concept underlying the invention, that is that surface reflectivity is dependent on the type and concentration of the material contained within the reflecting surface and is dependent on the frequency of the wavelength of the energy that is reflected from this surface. Both FIG. 4 and FIG. 5 show the different reflectivity optical light of an SiO₂ surface as compared with an aluminum surface. FIG. 4 shows this correlation for a layer of SiO₂ that has been deposited on the surface of a layer of Si. FIG. 5 shows this correlation for a layer of AlCu that has been deposited on the surface of a layer of Si. FIGS. 4 and 5 apply to the LED—photodiode method only. It is clear that both correlations have very unique and identifiable characteristics, these characteristics are used as the basis for the invention. Most noteworthy in FIG. 4 is the seesaw nature of the reflectivity of the SiO₂ layer as the frequency of the reflected light decreases. FIG. 5 shows that, for AlCu, the reflectivity is and remains at a plateau from where the reflectivity only slowly decreases for relatively high frequencies in the reflected light.

FIG. 6a shows a side view of an implementation of the invention that lends itself to automatic handling of wafers based on the amount and type of metal on the surface of the wafer. The metal detector apparatus as described can be mounted as shown, facing the surface of the wafers and linked to a robotic arm that can be used to remove wafers from the teflon wafer holder. The action of removal is triggered by the level of detection reaching a level that indicates the presence of metal, the robotic arm removes the wafer in question and positions that wafer into another wafer carrier for further wafer processing. The operation of identifying contaminated (with metal) wafers is thereby automated and removed from human intervention and human error. Wafers 62 are mounted in the wafer carrier 60, the source of energy 64 broadcasts the energy 68 to the surface 72 of the wafer 62, part 70 of the energy is reflected by the surface 72 and detected by the energy detector 66. This energy detector can readily determine the presence and type of metal, if any, which is present on the surface 72 of wafer 62.

FIG. 6b shows a top view of a similar arrangement that allows the application of using a magnetron as source of energy whereby the incident radiated energy 68 is partially reflected (74) by the surface of the wafer 62 and partially transverses (76) the wafer. Wafers 62 are mounted in the wafer carrier 60. By measuring and comparing the reflected energy 74 with the penetrated energy 76, conclusions can be drawn regarding the presence and type on metal on the surface of the wafer.

For the applications of the invention as shown in FIGS. 6a and 6 b, methods known in the art of wafer processing and wafer handling can be applied for removing wafers that have undesirable surface coatings of metal. These wafers, once removed from the normal wafer processing flow, can then be handled in accordance with required procedures established for such wafers.

Although the present invention is illustrated and described herein as embodied in the construction of a number of examples, it is nevertheless not intended to be limited to the details as presented. Rather, various modifications may be made in the details within the scope and range of equivalents of the claims and without departing from the spirit of the invention. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method for identifying high metal surface content substrate comprising: providing a semiconductor substrate; providing a source of microwave radiation; providing a first and second microwave energy measurement apparatus; exposing said semiconductor substrate to microwave radiation provided by the source of microwave radiation; capturing, by said first microwave energy measurement apparatus, microwave energy reflected by said semiconductor substrate, thereby driving said first microwave energy measurement apparatus; capturing, by said second microwave energy measurement apparatus, microwave energy passed through said semiconductor substrate, thereby driving said second microwave energy measurement apparatus; measuring said reflected microwave energy; measuring said passed through microwave energy; comparing said reflected microwave energy with said passed through microwave energy; and initiating intervention, by raising a visual or audible alarm invoking human or automatic intervention, if said reflected microwave energy exceeds said passed through microwave energy.
 2. The method of claim 1 whereby said providing a source of microwave radiation is providing electrical energy within a microwave frequency range, whereby said source of microwave radiation is positioned in a stationary location with respect to said substrate.
 3. The method of claim 1 wherein said first and second microwave energy measurement apparatus capture microwave energy and measure an energy level of the captured energy, whereby said first and second microwave energy measurement apparatus are positioned in a stationary location with respect to said substrate and with respect to said source of microwave radiation, whereby said first and second microwave energy measurement apparatus are calibrated to provide a signal level of known value for each configuration of location and orientation between radiated and captured microwave energy.
 4. The method of claim 1 whereby said exposing said semiconductor substrate to microwave radiation is directing said source of microwave radiation at an active surface of said semiconductor substrate, whereby a direction of said microwave radiation is under an angle with said semiconductor substrate, whereby said angle is within a range between about 30 and 60 degrees.
 5. The method of claim 1 wherein said capturing microwave radiation reflected by said semiconductor substrate is introducing said microwave radiation into said first microwave energy measurement apparatus.
 6. The method of claim 1 wherein said measuring said reflected microwave energy is creating a signal of said microwave energy being directly proportional to an energy level of said reflected microwave radiation.
 7. The method of claim 1 wherein said measuring said microwave energy that passed through said semiconductor substrate is creating a signal of said microwave energy being directly proportional to an energy level of said passed through microwave energy.
 8. The method of claim 1 wherein said comparing said reflected microwave energy with said passed through microwave energy is determining whether said reflected microwave energy is larger than said passed through microwave energy, thereby providing an electrical signal indicating that said reflected microwave energy is larger than said passed through microwave energy.
 9. An apparatus for identifying high metal surface content substrate comprising: a source of microwave radiation; a first and second microwave energy measurement apparatus; a means for exposing a semiconductor substrate to microwave radiation provided by the source of microwave radiation; a means for capturing, by said first microwave energy measurement apparatus, microwave energy reflected by said semiconductor substrate thereby driving said first microwave energy measurement apparatus; a means for capturing, by said second microwave energy measurement apparatus, microwave energy passed through said semiconductor substrate thereby driving said second microwave energy measurement apparatus; a means for measuring said reflected microwave energy; a means for measuring said passed through microwave energy; a means for comparing said reflected microwave energy with said passed through microwave energy; and a means for initiating intervention, by raising a visual or audible alarm invoking human or automatic intervention, if said reflected microwave energy exceeds said passed through microwave energy.
 10. The apparatus of claim 9 whereby said a source of microwave radiation creates energy within a microwave frequency range, whereby said source of microwave radiation is positioned in a stationary location with respect to said substrate.
 11. The apparatus of claim 9 wherein said first and second microwave energy measurement apparatus capture microwave energy and measure an energy level of the captured energy, whereby said first and second microwave energy measurement apparatus are positioned in a stationary location with respect to said substrate.
 12. The apparatus of claim 9 whereby said means of exposing said semiconductor substrate to microwave radiation is directing said source of microwave radiation at an active surface of said semiconductor substrate, whereby a direction of said microwave radiation is under an angle with said semiconductor substrate, whereby said angle is within the range between about 30 and 60 degrees.
 13. The apparatus of claim 9 wherein said means of measuring said reflected microwave energy is creating a signal of said microwave energy being directly proportional to said reflected microwave radiation.
 14. The apparatus of claim 9 wherein said means of measuring said microwave energy that passed through said semiconductor substrate is creating a signal of said microwave energy being directly proportional to said passed through microwave energy.
 15. The apparatus of claim 9 wherein said means of comparing said reflected microwave energy with said passed through microwave energy is determining whether said reflected microwave energy is larger than said passed through microwave energy, thereby providing an electrical signal indicating said reflected microwave energy being larger than said passed through microwave energy. 